Poetry Definition - Etymologically, the word poem comes from the Greek poesis, which means means creation. In English, the equivalent word poetry is poetry that closely, and poet - poem. About the poet said, Coulter (in Tarigan, 1986:4) explains that the poet derived from the Greek word which means to make or create. In the Greek language itself, the word poet means the person who creates through his imagination, people who almost like gods or very fond of the gods. He is a shrewd man, a saint, who was also a philosopher, statesman, teacher, someone who can guess the hidden truth. Poetry Definition
Shannon Ahmad (in Pradopo, 1993:6) collects the definition of poetry in general expressed by the English romantic poets as follows. Poetry Definition
- Samuel Taylor Coleridge's poem suggests is the most beautiful words in the most beautiful arrangement. The poet chose words that are precise and are arranged well, such as balanced, symmetrical, between one element with another element very closely berhubungannya, and so on.
- Carlyle said that poetry is the thinking that is musical. The poet creates the poem think of the melodious sounds like music in his poetry, the words are prepared in such a way that stands out is a series of melodious sound like the music, that is, using orchestra sound.
- Wordsworth had a notion that poetry is an imaginative statement of feeling, the sense that direkakan or imagined. As Auden pointed out that poetry was more a statement of mixed feelings.
- Dunton argues that the poem is actually in a concrete human thought and artistic in emotional and rhythmical language. For example, the figures, with images, and arranged in artistic (eg harmony, symmetry, the selection of appropriate words, and so on), and language is full of feeling, as well as rhythmic as the music (turn the sound of his words sequential regularly ). Poetry Definition
- Shelley argued that poetry is the record of the seconds of the most beautiful in life. For example, events that are very impressive and raises a strong emotion such as happiness, excitement peaked, romance, and even grief since the death of a well-loved. Everything is the seconds of the most beautiful to be recorded.
From the definitions above it as if there are differences of thought, but still there is a common thread. Shannon Ahmad (in Pradopo, 1993:7) concludes that there is a sense of poetry on the outlines of the poem actually. The elements of emotion, imajinas, thoughts, ideas, tone, rhythm, sensory impressions, wording, figures of speech, density, and mixed feelings.
2. Elements of Poetry
Here are a few opinions about the elements of poetry. Poetry Definition
- Richards (in Tarigan, 1986) says that the elements of poetry consisting of (1) the nature of poetry melipuiti theme (sense), feeling (feeling), trust (intention), tone (tone), and (2) the method of poetry include diction, imajeri, said the real figure of speech, rhythm, and rhyme.
- Waluyo (1987) who said that in poetry there is a physical structure or also referred to as the linguistic structure and inner structure of the poem in the form of inner expression of the author.
- Altenberg and Lewis (in Badrun, 1989:6), although not stated clearly on the elements of poetry, but the outline of their book can be seen there (1) the nature of poetry, (2) language poetry: diction, imajeri, figurative language, means of rhetoric, (3) forms: the noise, verification, shape, and meaning, (4) contents: narrative, emotion, and theme.
- Dick Hartoko (in Waluyo, 1987:27) mentions that there is an important element in poetry, namely a thematic elements or semantic elements of poetry and syntactic elements of poetry. Thematic element of poetry is more pointed toward the inner structure of the poem, syntactic elements pointing towards the physical structure of the poem.
- Meyer said elements of poetry include (1) diction, (2) imajeri, (3) figurative language, (4) symbol, (5) noise, (6) rhythm, (7) form (Badrun, 1989:6).
From the opinions of the above, it can be concluded that the elements of poetry include (1) theme, (2) tone, (3) flavor, (4) trust, (5) diction, (6) imagination, (7) figurative language, (8) concrete words, (9) rhythm and rhyme. The elements of this poem, in the opinion of Richards and Waluyo can be divided into two structures, namely the inner structure of the poem (the theme, tone, taste, and the mandate) and the physical structure of poetry (diction, imajeri, figurative language, concrete words, rhythm, and rhyme ). Djojosuroto (2004:35) describes as follows.
Figure 1. Poetry as a structure
Based on the opinion of Richards, Siswanto and Roekhan (1991:55-65) describes the elements of poetry as follows.
2.1 Physical Structure of Poetry
The physical structure of the poem is described as follows. Poetry Definition
- Typographical arrangement of poems (typography), a form of poetry such as pages that are not filled with words, right-left edge, setting the line, up line poem that does not always begin with a capital letter and ends with a dot. Those things are crucial meaning of the poem.
- Diction, the choice of words by the poet in his poetry. Because poetry is a form of literature that few words can reveal many things, then his words must be chosen carefully as possible. The selection of words in the poem is closely related to the meaning, harmony sounds, and word order. Geoffrey (in Waluyo, 19987:68-69) explains that language poetry has 9 (nine) aspect of the deviation, ie deviation of the lexical, semantic drift, deviation phonological, syntactic irregularities, the use of dialect, the use of registers (specified by a variety of language groups / specific professions ), historical aberration (the use of old words), and deviations graphologist (the use of capital to the point)
- Images, ie a word or wording which may reveal sensory experience, such as vision, hearing, and feeling. Images can be divided into three, namely images of the sound (auditory), visual images (visual), and image touch or touch (tactile images). Image may lead readers seemed to see, medengar, and felt like what had happened to the poet.
- Concrete words, ie words that can be captured by allowing the emergence of sensory images. These words are associated with metaphor or symbol. Eg concrete word "snow: ice symbolizes love, the emptiness of life, etc.., While the concrete word" swamp "may represent a dirty place, a place to live, earth, life, etc.. Poetry Definition
- Figurative language, namely berkias language that can bring / increase the effects and cause certain connotations (Soedjito, 1986:128). Figurative language poems into prismatic cause, meaning that emit a lot of meaning or rich in meaning (Waluyo, 1987:83). Figurative language is also called figure of speech. Adapaun kind-amcam figure of speech, among others, metaphor, simile, personification, litotes, irony, sinekdoke, euphemisms, repetition, anaphora, redundance, antithesis, alusio, climax, anticlimax, satire, pars pro toto, totem pro parte, to the paradox.
- Diversification, namely related to rhyme, rhythm, and metrum. Rhyme is rhyme in poetry, both in the beginning, middle, and end of lines of poetry. Rima include (1) onomatope (imitation of sounds, eg / ng / which gives a magical effect on poetry Sutadji CB), (2) the internal patterns of sound (alliteration, asonansi, the final equation, the initial equation, intermittent rhyme, rhymes beaked, rhymes full, the repetition sounds [word], and so on [Waluyo, 187:92]), and (3) repetition of words / phrases. Rithmah a low height, short length, lack of sound hardware. Rithmah very prominent in the poetry reading.
2.2 Inner Structure of Poetry
The inner structure of the poem will be explained as follows.
- Theme / meaning (sense); media is the language of poetry. Level is the relationship of sign language with meaning, then the poem must be meaningful, the meaning of each word, line, stanza, and the overall meaning.
- Rasa (feeling), the attitude of poets toward the subject matter contained in his poetry. Disclosure of the theme and taste are closely related to social background and psychology of poets, such as educational background, religion, gender, social class, position in society, age, sociological and psychological experience, and knowledge. Depth of disclosure and accuracy in addressing the theme of an issue does not depend on the ability penyairmemilih words, rhymes, style, and poetic form, but depend more on insight, knowledge, experience and personality are shaped by sociological and psychological background.
- Tone (tone), the attitude of the poet to his readers. Nada is also related to the theme and flavor. The poet can convey the theme of the patronizing tone, dictate, in collaboration with the reader to solve the problem, just submit the matter to the reader, in a tone of arrogant, ignorant and low regard the reader, etc..
- Mandate / objectives / purpose (itention); consciously or not, there are goals that encourage poets to create poetry. These objectives can be found before the poet creates poems, and can be found in his poetry. Poetry Definition
