1. Definition of Learning Achievement
Learning achievement is a sentence consisting of two words namely achievement and learning. Between achievement and learning words have different meanings. Therefore, before understanding learning achievement , it is worth discussion is directed at each issue in advance to gain further understanding about the meaning of words and learning achievement. It is also to facilitate in-depth understanding of the meaning achievements of learning itself.Below will put forward some sense of achievement and learning according to experts.
Achievement is the result of an activity that has been done, created both individually and in groups (Djamarah, 1994:19). Meanwhile, according to Abdul Hassan Mas'ud Dahar in Djamarah (1994:21) that the achievement is what has to be created, the results of a job, pleasing results are obtained with tenacity the way of work. Learning Achievement
From the definition set forth above, clearly visible differences on certain words for emphasis, but the point at which the outcome of an activity. For that, it is understood that the achievement is the result of an activity that has been done, created, pleasing, obtained with tenacity the way of work, either individually or in groups in certain activities.
According Slameto (1995: 2) that learning is a process of one's efforts to acquire a new behavior changes as a whole, as a result of his own experience in interaction with their environment. In simple terms of understanding learning as propounded by the above opinion, can take an understanding of the nature of learning activity is a change that occurs within the individual. Meanwhile, according Nurkencana (1986: 62) suggests that learning achievement is the result had been achieved or acquired form of the subject child. It added that learning achievement is the result of which resulted in changes within the individual as a result of activity in learning.
After tracing the above description, it is understandable that learning achievementis the result or level of ability that has been achieved by students after attending a teaching-learning process within a certain time in the form of changes in behavior, skills and knowledge and will then be measured and assessed and then realized in numbers or statement.
2. Factors that Affect Learning Achievement
1. Factors from within the student (internal)
In connection with these internal factors are the level that needs to be addressed by Slameto (1995: 54), namely physical factors, psychological factors and fatigue factors.
a. Physical Factors
In these physical factors can be divided into two factors namely health and disability factors.
1. Health factors
Health factors are very influential on student learning, if a person's health is disturbed or tired, less vibrant, easy to dizziness, drowsiness, if the circumstances are withered and less blood disorder or any disorder senses tool.
2. Disability
Disability is something that causes less good or less perfection of the body or bodies. These defects in the form of blind, partially blind, stationery, broken leg, broken arm, paralyzed, and others (Slameto, 2003: 55).
b. Psychological factors
May include intelligence, attention, talent, interest, motivation , maturity, readiness.
1. Intelligence
Slameto (2003: 56) suggests that intelligence or competence consists of three types of skills to cope and adapt to new situations quickly and effectively learn / use abstract concepts effectively, knowing the relationship and learn it quickly.
2. Attention
According to al-Ghazali in Slameto (2003: 56) that the concern is heightened activity of soul which the soul even then aims solely to an object or thing or collection of objects.
To ensure a better learning then students should have the attention of the learned material. If the material is not subject to the attention of students, hence the boredom, so he no longer likes to learn. In order for students learn best, try the textbook in accordance with hobbies and talents.
3. Talent
According to the Slameto Hilgard (2003: 57) that talent is the capacity to learn. In other words, talent is the ability to learn. That ability will be realized after the real achievement of the skills learned or trained. Then according Muhibbin (2003: 136) that talent is the ability possessed by a person's potential to achieve success in the future.
4. Interest
According to Jersild and Taisch in Nurkencana (1996: 214) that the interest is menyakut activities freely chosen by individuals. Great interest in its effect on student learning activities, students who like to read will be able to acquire knowledge and technology. Thus, insight would be expanded so that it will greatly affect the increase in student achievement or achievement of an optimal as possible because students who have an interest in something to learn lesson seriously because no appeal for him.
5. Motivation
According Slameto (2003: 58) that the motivation to be intimately linked with the objectives to be achieved in the study, in determining that goal can be realized or not, but to achieve that goal needs to do, while the cause is the motivation to do it themselves as a power mover or pusher.
6. Maturity
According Slameto (2003: 58) that the behavior or maturity is something a person in the growth phase in which the means of his body was ready to implement new skills.
Based on the opinions above, then the maturity is a body organ or instrument was said to have matured when the creatures themselves have achieved the ability to perform their respective functions mature or it's time it came by itself, so that the learning will be more successful if the child is ready or ripe to follow the teaching and learning process.
7. Readiness
Readiness by James Drever, as quoted by Slameto (2003: 59) is preparedes to respond or React, means a willingness to provide a response or reaction.
So, from the opinion of the above can be assumed that the readiness of students in teaching and learning, can greatly affect student achievement, thus student achievement can be positively impacted when students themselves have the readiness to accept a subject well.
c. Fatigue factor
There are several factors that fatigue can affect student achievement, among others, can be divided into two kinds, namely physical exhaustion and spiritual exhaustion. As noted by Slameto (1995:59) as follows:
"Fatigue spinelessness visible physical body and arises a tendency to lay down.Physical fatigue occurs because there is substance in the body burned, so the blood is less fluent in certain parts. While the spiritual fatigue can be continuously thinking about the problem which means without a break, doing something because it was forced, not in accordance with the interest and attention ".
From the above description then the physical and mental fatigue can affectlearning and achievement so that students learn best not to happen should avoid fatigue in the study as spinelessness body. So it is necessary to arrange the conditions that are free from such spiritual exhaustion that means thinking about problems without a break, doing something because it had not in accordance with the interest and attention. This is all a huge influence on student learning achievement. In order for students as students should not occur with either physical and psychological exhaustion.
2. Factors originating from outside (external factors)
External factors that influence learning achievements it can be grouped into three factors: family factors, the factors the school and community factors (Slameto, 1995: 60).
a. Family factors
Family factors are very active role for students and can affect the family, among others: how to educate parents, relations between family members, family circumstances, understanding parents, family economic circumstances, cultural background and atmosphere of home.
1. The way parents educate
How to educate parents enormous influence on the learning achievement of children, it was reaffirmed by Wirowidjojo in Slameto (2003: 60) suggests that the family is the institution that first and foremost. A healthy family means a lot to educate small in size, but are determining the quality of education in the large size of the nation and state education.
From the above opinion can be understood how important the role of families in their children's education. The way people educate their children will affect their learning.
2. Relationships between family members
According Slameto (2003: 60) that are important in the family is the relation of parents and children. In addition, relationships with siblings or children with other families also affect children's learning. The realization of this relation is whether there is love or hatred, the attitude is too hard or indifference, and so on.
3. Family circumstances
According Hamalik (2002: 160) argued that family circumstances affect children'slearning achievement because it is influenced by several factors from a family that can lead to individual differences such as family culture, parental education, economic level, the relationship between the parents, family attitudes toward social issues and realities of life.
Based on the above opinion that Dapa family circumstances affect children's learning achievement so that these factors provide experiences for children to be able to cause achievements, interests, attitudes and understanding so that the learning achieved by children can be influenced by parents who are not educated or less science .
4. Understanding parents
According Slameto (2003: 64) that children learn need encouragement and understanding parents. When children are learning not to be disturbed by the house chores. Sometimes the child has a weak spirit, parents must give meaning and encouraged wherever possible to overcome the difficulties they experienced.
5. Family economic circumstances
According Slameto (2003: 63) that the family economic situation closely associated with children's learning. Children who are learning in addition to unmet basic needs, such as food, clothing, health protection, and others, also requires learning facilities such as classrooms, desks, chairs, lighting, stationery, and so on.
6. Cultural background
The level of education or habits in the family affects the child's attitude in learning (Roestiyah, 1989: 156). Therefore it is necessary to children inculcated good habits, in order to encourage the achievement of optimal learning outcomes.
7. Homelike
The atmosphere of the home greatly affects the learning achievements, this is in accordance with the opinion Slameto (2003: 63) who argued that the home atmosphere is a situation or event that often occurs in families where children are and learn. Home atmosphere rowdy, noisy and semwarut will not give peace to the child to learn.
This atmosphere can occur in large families are too many inhabitants. The atmosphere is tense, noisy and frequent squabbles, quarrels between family members that could have caused the child bored staying at home, like out of the house is a mess as a result of learning and low achievement.
b. Factor of school
School factors may be the way teachers teach, ala-tools, curricula, school time, the interaction of teachers and pupils, school discipline, and educational media, namely:
1. Teachers and teaching
According Purwanto (2004: 104) factor of teacher and teach an important factor, how the attitude and personality of teachers , the level of knowledge possessed byteachers , and how teachers teach that knowledge to the children helped students determine learning outcomes to be achieved by students. Meanwhile, according to Nana Sudjana in Djamarah (2006: 39) teaching is essentially a process, which is a process set up, organize the environment surrounding the students, so it can grow and encourage students to make the learning process.
In learning activities, teachers act as mentors. In his role as mentors, teachersshould try menhidupkan and provide motivation, so that there is a process of interaction that is conducive. Thus the teaching of teachers must be effective and understood by their students, both in using the model, technique or method of teaching that will be delivered to their students in teaching and learning and tailored to the concepts being taught based on the needs of students in teaching and learning
2. learning model
Model or method of learning is very important and very influential on student achievement, especially in the subject of mathematics . In this case the model or method of learning used by teachers , not only in one model of learning alone, but must be varied to suit the concept is taught and in accordance with the needs of students, particularly at teachers of mathematics. Where a teacher of mathematicsmust be menilih and determine appropriate learning methods for use in learning .The models of learning that, for example: a model of cooperative learning , contextual learning, realistic mathematical problem solving and others.
In this case, the model applied is the type STAD cooperative model , where the model or method is impacting on student learning and improve student achievement
3. Learning tools
To be able to perfect results in learning, learning tools is a matter that is no less important in improving student achievement, such as libraries, laboratories, and sebagaianya.
According Purwanto (2004: 105) explains that the school has enough tools and equipment needed to learn coupled with the good teaching of teachers, teachers' skills in using tools that will simplify and accelerate children's learning.
4. Curriculum
Curriculum means a number of activities assigned to students, activities that most of the present teaching materials for students to receive, retain and develop materials that lesson. According Slameto (2003: 63) that the curriculum is not good will not affect either the process of learning and student achievement.
5. School Time
School time is the time of the teaching-learning process at school, the school can be morning, afternoon, evening and even night. School time also affects student learning (Slameto, 2003: 68).
6. The interaction of teachers and pupils
According Roestiyah (1989: 151) that teachers interact with students who are less intimately, causing the learning process was substandard. Therefore, students are bored of the teacher, then reluctant to participate actively in learning.
7. School Discipline
School discipline is closely connected with the craft of students in schools and also in learning (Slameto, 2003: 67). School discipline, for instance, includes the discipline of teachers in teaching with the implementation of the order, discipline supervisors or employees in administrative jobs and the success or regularity of a class, school buildings, courtyards, and others.
8. Media education
The reality today with the large number of children entering school, it requires tools that help smooth belaajr children in large numbers anyway (Roestiyah, 1989: 152).This educational media such as books in the library, laboratory or other media that can support the achievement of learning achievement as well.
c. Society of Environmental Factors
Factors affecting student achievement to include friends hanging out, other activities outside of school and living in the family environment.
1. Students in community activities
According Slameto (2003: 70) says that students in community activities can be beneficial to the development of his personality. But if students take part in too many community activities such as organizing, social activities, religious and others, learning will be disrupted, especially if it is not wise in a set time.
2. Friends Mingle
Children need to socialize with other children, salts develop socialization. But it needs to be taken not to make friends hanging out a bad temperament. Good deeds are not easily affect others, then it needs to be controlled with whom they associate.
According Slameto (2003: 73) so that students can learn, get along a good friend would be good to the student, and vice versa, friends hang out bad temperament would affect the nature of the bad as well, it is necessary that the students have friends who get along fine and the association of good coaching and supervision from parents and educators would be wise.
3. Living Environment
How to neighbors living around the house where children live, a big influence on child growth (Roestiyah, 1989: 155). This example of children living in environments rajib people learn, the child will take effect automatically diligent also without prompting.
These external factors can lead to positive effects, among others, viewed from
1. Economic families by Slameto (1993: 63), that the family economic situation closely associated with children's learning. Children who are learning in addition to unmet basic needs, such as food, clothing, health protection and others. Also requires learning facilities such as classrooms, desks, chairs, lighting, stationery, books and others. Facilities learning that can only be met if the family has enough money.
2. Teachers and teaching
Teachers and teaching is an important factor how the attitude and personality of teachers, high and low knowledge of teachers, and how does the teacher convey pengatahuan to children's protege. This is very influential on student achievementbecause teachers are knowledgeable high and a great way of teaching will facilitate the learning process so that students easily accept the knowledge conveyed by the teacher.
3. The interaction of teachers and pupils
The interaction of teachers and students also can affect the learning achievements, because a smooth interaction will make the students did not feel reluctant to participate actively in the process of learning to teach.
4. Students in community activities
Kegaiatan students in the community can be beneficial to personal development such as organizational, social activities, religious activities, and others.
5. Friends hanging out
Children need to socialize with other children to develop sosialisainya because students can learn well if bergaulnya good friends but need to be taken not to make friends hanging out a bad temperament.
6. How to live environment
How to neighbors living around the house great influence on child growth (Roestiyah 1989: 155). It is such children who live in the neighborhood of people who diligently studied the child will automatically affect diligently learn without instruction.
External factors that may cause negative effects for children's achievement were:
a. How to educate
Parents who spoil their children, then after school children will be children who are less responsible and afraid to face the challenges or difficulties. Also, parents who educate their children is hard then the child became an timid and insecure.
b. The interaction of teachers and pupils
Teachers interact with students who are less internally caused process to be less fluent Study abroad teaching children also feel a lot of teachers so reluctant to participate actively in their learning. Teachers who teach rather than on expertise, as well as schools which have facilities and inadequate then it could lead to lowacademic achievement. Learning Achievement
